統合失調症の大規模全ゲノム関連解析

統合失調症は症状としては
①妄想
②幻覚
③思考障害
④まとまりのない行動
⑤陰性症状(エネルギーの低下)
の５つの症状が典型的な症状として挙げられています。
また躁病やうつ病を伴う事もあります。
発症、メカニズム、根本的な原因は解明されていませんが、
神経伝達物質緒の一つであるドーパミンの過不足が
1つの原因であると考えられています。
しかし、これも仮説の域を出てはいません。
疫学としては100人に1人が生涯のうち発症し、
9割は15～55歳で発症し、
有病率は男女差はありませんが、
男性は10～25歳、女性は25～35過ぎが多くなっています(2)。
従って、決して珍しい疾患ではありません。
一定割合の人は精神科で医療を受けていないとされており、
社会的認知においてまだ問題があるかもしれません。
あるいは、症状の程度もあり、
どこから薬物による治療が必要か？
といったガイドラインもまだない状態ではないかと推測します。
ただし、
統合失調症は平均寿命が短く、
自殺のリスクや重篤な身体に関わる疾患の
確率を上げるとされています(3,4)。
ーー
Vassily Trubetskoy, Antonio F. Pardiñas(敬称略)ら
国際的な医療研究グループは
76755人の患者さんと243649のコントロール群を比較し
その全ゲノム関連解析(GWAS)によって
関連性の高い287の遺伝子座を明かかにされています(1)。
その中で病理と関連が深いレア&コモン変異である
GRIN2A, SP4, STAG1, FAM120A
これらを絞り込んでいます(1)。
-
GRIN2A:シナプスを通じた神経伝達に関わるNMDA受容体
SP4:細胞サイクルに関わるE2Fと関わる転写因子
STAG1:有糸分裂に関わる遺伝子
FAM120A:RNA結合性に関わる遺伝子
-
今回明らかになったことで重要な事は
神経細胞の神経伝達物質を介した興奮、抑制に関わる
遺伝子に関わる変異に集中して、
他の組織や細胞種には見られなかったとされています。
つまり、神経細胞以外のグリア細胞などには
異常が多くは見られなかったとされています(1)。
また神経連結部にある前シナプス、後シナプス組織の
関連遺伝子に集中している可能性があるとされています。
ーー
今まで、ドーパミンが関わっているかもしれない
という仮説がありながらも、
病理ははっきりとはわかっていませんでしたが、
ドーパミンや他の神経伝達物質も含めて、
それらによる神経細胞の興奮、抑制が
関わっている可能性が高いという事が
遺伝子解析によって示されました。
ーー
今回は、亡くなられた人から組織を取得して
分析を行っているので、
血液系のように患者さんから直接組織を取り出して
脳の神経系の遺伝子検査をして
そこから個別医療につなげる事は難しいかもしれないです。
ただ、iPSC技術などを用いて、神経細胞に分化させる事によって
患者さん特異的な遺伝子解析と個別化医療実現のの可能性があります。
一方で、
今回、神経細胞の神経伝達の異常が病理として
遺伝子的に考えられるということが明らかになったことから
電気化学的分析(5)も含めた
神経伝達物質の状態の定量化を行うことで
Genotype-phenotypeの裏付けを得る事ができる
と考えます。
根本治療が難しい状況においては
薬剤によってどのように異常に興奮、あるいは抑制された
神経伝達物質を適切に調整するか
ということが求められると考えられます。

(参考文献)
(1)
Vassily Trubetskoy, Antonio F. Pardiñas, Ting Qi, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Swapnil Awasthi, Tim B. Bigdeli, Julien Bryois, Chia-Yen Chen, Charlotte A. Dennison, Lynsey S. Hall, Max Lam, Kyoko Watanabe, Oleksandr Frei, Tian Ge, Janet C. Harwood, Frank Koopmans, Sigurdur Magnusson, Alexander L. Richards, Julia Sidorenko, Yang Wu, Jian Zeng, Jakob Grove, Minsoo Kim, Zhiqiang Li, Georgios Voloudakis, Wen Zhang, Mark Adams, Ingrid Agartz, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Esben Agerbo, Mariam Al Eissa, Margot Albus, Madeline Alexander, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Köksal Alptekin, Thomas D. Als, Farooq Amin, Volker Arolt, Manuel Arrojo, Lavinia Athanasiu, Maria Helena Azevedo, Silviu A. Bacanu, Nicholas J. Bass, Martin Begemann, Richard A. Belliveau, Judit Bene, Beben Benyamin, Sarah E. Bergen, Giuseppe Blasi, Julio Bobes, Stefano Bonassi, Alice Braun, Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan, Evelyn J. Bromet, Richard Bruggeman, Peter F. Buckley, Randy L. Buckner, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Wiepke Cahn, Murray J. Cairns, Monica E. Calkins, Vaughan J. Carr, David Castle, Stanley V. Catts, Kimberley D. Chambert, Raymond C. K. Chan, Boris Chaumette, Wei Cheng, Eric F. C. Cheung, Siow Ann Chong, David Cohen, Angèle Consoli, Quirino Cordeiro, Javier Costas, Charles Curtis, Michael Davidson, Kenneth L. Davis, Lieuwe de Haan, Franziska Degenhardt, Lynn E. DeLisi, Ditte Demontis, Faith Dickerson, Dimitris Dikeos, Timothy Dinan, Srdjan Djurovic, Jubao Duan, Giuseppe Ducci, Frank Dudbridge, Johan G. Eriksson, Lourdes Fañanás, Stephen V. Faraone, Alessia Fiorentino, Andreas Forstner, Josef Frank, Nelson B. Freimer, Menachem Fromer, Alessandra Frustaci, Ary Gadelha, Giulio Genovese, Elliot S. Gershon, Marianna Giannitelli, Ina Giegling, Paola Giusti-Rodríguez, Stephanie Godard, Jacqueline I. Goldstein, Javier González Peñas, Ana González-Pinto, Srihari Gopal, Jacob Gratten, Michael F. Green, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Olivier Guillin, Sinan Gülöksüz, Raquel E. Gur, Ruben C. Gur, Blanca Gutiérrez, Eric Hahn, Hakon Hakonarson, Vahram Haroutunian, Annette M. Hartmann, Carol Harvey, Caroline Hayward, Frans A. Henskens, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Daniel P. Howrigan, Masashi Ikeda, Conrad Iyegbe, Inge Joa, Antonio Julià, Anna K. Kähler, Tony Kam-Thong, Yoichiro Kamatani, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Oussama Kebir, Matthew C. Keller, Brian J. Kelly, Andrey Khrunin, Sung-Wan Kim, Janis Klovins, Nikolay Kondratiev, Bettina Konte, Julia Kraft, Michiaki Kubo, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Zita Ausrele Kučinskiene, Agung Kusumawardhani, Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova, Stefano Landi, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Phil H. Lee, Sophie E. Legge, Douglas S. Lehrer, Rebecca Lencer, Bernard Lerer, Miaoxin Li, Jeffrey Lieberman, Gregory A. Light, Svetlana Limborska, Chih-Min Liu, Jouko Lönnqvist, Carmel M. Loughland, Jan Lubinski, Jurjen J. Luykx, Amy Lynham, Milan Macek Jr, Andrew Mackinnon, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Brion S. Maher, Wolfgang Maier, Dolores Malaspina, Jacques Mallet, Stephen R. Marder, Sara Marsal, Alicia R. Martin, Lourdes Martorell, Manuel Mattheisen, Robert W. McCarley, Colm McDonald, John J. McGrath, Helena Medeiros, Sandra Meier, Bela Melegh, Ingrid Melle, Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately, Andres Metspalu, Patricia T. Michie, Lili Milani, Vihra Milanova, Marina Mitjans, Espen Molden, Esther Molina, María Dolores Molto, Valeria Mondelli, Carmen Moreno, Christopher P. Morley, Gerard Muntané, Kieran C. Murphy, Inez Myin-Germeys, Igor Nenadić, Gerald Nestadt, Liene Nikitina-Zake, Cristiano Noto, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Niamh Louise O’Brien, F. Anthony O’Neill, Sang-Yun Oh, Ann Olincy, Vanessa Kiyomi Ota, Christos Pantelis, George N. Papadimitriou, Mara Parellada, Tiina Paunio, Renata Pellegrino, Sathish Periyasamy, Diana O. Perkins, Bruno Pfuhlmann, Olli Pietiläinen, Jonathan Pimm, David Porteous, John Powell, Diego Quattrone, Digby Quested, Allen D. Radant, Antonio Rampino, Mark H. Rapaport, Anna Rautanen, Abraham Reichenberg, Cheryl Roe, Joshua L. Roffman, Julian Roth, Matthias Rothermundt, Bart P. F. Rutten, Safaa Saker-Delye, Veikko Salomaa, Julio Sanjuan, Marcos Leite Santoro, Adam Savitz, Ulrich Schall, Rodney J. Scott, Larry J. Seidman, Sally Isabel Sharp, Jianxin Shi, Larry J. Siever, Engilbert Sigurdsson, Kang Sim, Nora Skarabis, Petr Slominsky, Hon-Cheong So, Janet L. Sobell, Erik Söderman, Helen J. Stain, Nils Eiel Steen, Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar, Elisabeth Stögmann, William S. Stone, Richard E. Straub, Fabian Streit, Eric Strengman, T. Scott Stroup, Mythily Subramaniam, Catherine A. Sugar, Jaana Suvisaari, Dragan M. Svrakic, Neal R. Swerdlow, Jin P. Szatkiewicz, Thi Minh Tam Ta, Atsushi Takahashi, Chikashi Terao, Florence Thibaut, Draga Toncheva, Paul A. Tooney, Silvia Torretta, Sarah Tosato, Gian Battista Tura, Bruce I. Turetsky, Alp Üçok, Arne Vaaler, Therese van Amelsvoort, Ruud van Winkel, Juha Veijola, John Waddington, Henrik Walter, Anna Waterreus, Bradley T. Webb, Mark Weiser, Nigel M. Williams, Stephanie H. Witt, Brandon K. Wormley, Jing Qin Wu, Zhida Xu, Robert Yolken, Clement C. Zai, Wei Zhou, Feng Zhu, Fritz Zimprich, Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu, Muhammad Ayub, Christian Benner, Alessandro Bertolino, Donald W. Black, Nicholas J. Bray, Gerome Breen, Nancy G. Buccola, William F. Byerley, Wei J. Chen, C. Robert Cloninger, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Gary Donohoe, Robert Freedman, Cherrie Galletly, Michael J. Gandal, Massimo Gennarelli, David M. Hougaard, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Assen V. Jablensky, Steven A. McCarroll, Jennifer L. Moran, Ole Mors, Preben B. Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Amanda L. Neil, Merete Nordentoft, Michele T. Pato, Tracey L. Petryshen, Matti Pirinen, Ann E. Pulver, Thomas G. Schulze, Jeremy M. Silverman, Jordan W. Smoller, Eli A. Stahl, Debby W. Tsuang, Elisabet Vilella, Shi-Heng Wang, Shuhua Xu, Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium, PsychENCODE, Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium, The SynGO Consortium, Rolf Adolfsson, Celso Arango, Bernhard T. Baune, Sintia Iole Belangero, Anders D. Børglum, David Braff, Elvira Bramon, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Dominique Campion, Jorge A. Cervilla, Sven Cichon, David A. Collier, Aiden Corvin, David Curtis, Marta Di Forti, Enrico Domenici, Hannelore Ehrenreich, Valentina Escott-Price, Tõnu Esko, Ayman H. Fanous, Anna Gareeva, Micha Gawlik, Pablo V. Gejman, Michael Gill, Stephen J. Glatt, Vera Golimbet, Kyung Sue Hong, Christina M. Hultman, Steven E. Hyman, Nakao Iwata, Erik G. Jönsson, René S. Kahn, James L. Kennedy, Elza Khusnutdinova, George Kirov, James A. Knowles, Marie-Odile Krebs, Claudine Laurent-Levinson, Jimmy Lee, Todd Lencz, Douglas F. Levinson, Qingqin S. Li, Jianjun Liu, Anil K. Malhotra, Dheeraj Malhotra, Andrew McIntosh, Andrew McQuillin, Paulo R. Menezes, Vera A. Morgan, Derek W. Morris, Bryan J. Mowry, Robin M. Murray, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Markus M. Nöthen, Roel A. Ophoff, Sara A. Paciga, Aarno Palotie, Carlos N. Pato, Shengying Qin, Marcella Rietschel, Brien P. Riley, Margarita Rivera, Dan Rujescu, Meram C. Saka, Alan R. Sanders, Sibylle G. Schwab, Alessandro Serretti, Pak C. Sham, Yongyong Shi, David St Clair, Hreinn Stefánsson, Kari Stefansson, Ming T. Tsuang, Jim van Os, Marquis P. Vawter, Daniel R. Weinberger, Thomas Werge, Dieter B. Wildenauer, Xin Yu, Weihua Yue, Peter A. Holmans, Andrew J. Pocklington, Panos Roussos, Evangelos Vassos, Matthijs Verhage, Peter M. Visscher, Jian Yang, Danielle Posthuma, Ole A. Andreassen, Kenneth S. Kendler, Michael J. Owen, Naomi R. Wray, Mark J. Daly, Hailiang Huang, Benjamin M. Neale, Patrick F. Sullivan, Stephan Ripke, James T. R. Walters, Michael C. O’Donovan & Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium
/Indonesia Schizophrenia Consortium/
Nan Dai, Qin Wenwen, D. B. Wildenauer, Feranindhya Agiananda, Nurmiati Amir, Ronald Antoni, Tiana Arsianti, Asmarahadi Asmarahadi, H. Diatri, Prianto Djatmiko, Irmansyah Irmansyah, Siti Khalimah, Irmia Kusumadewi, Profitasari Kusumaningrum, Petrin R. Lukman, Martina W. Nasrun, N. S. Safyuni, Prasetyawan Prasetyawan, G. Semen, Kristiana Siste, Heriani Tobing, Natalia Widiasih, Tjhin Wiguna, D. Wulandari, None Evalina, A. J. Hananto, Joni H. Ismoyo, T. M. Marini, Supiyani Henuhili, Muhammad Reza & Suzy Yusnadewi
/PsychENCODE/
Alexej Abyzov, Schahram Akbarian, Allison Ashley-Koch, Harm van Bakel, Michael Breen, Miguel Brown, Julien Bryois, Becky Carlyle, Alex Charney, Gerard Coetzee, Gregory Crawford, Stella Dracheva, Prashant Emani, Peggy Farnham, Menachem Fromer, Timur Galeev, Mike Gandal, Mark Gerstein, Gina Giase, Kiran Girdhar, Fernando Goes, Kay Grennan, Mengting Gu, Brittney Guerra, Gamze Gursoy, Gabriel Hoffman, Thomas Hyde, Andrew Jaffe, Shan Jiang, Yan Jiang, Amira Kefi, Yunjung Kim, Robert Kitchen, James A. Knowles, Fides Lay, Donghoon Lee, Mingfeng Li, Chunyu Liu, Shuang Liu, Eugenio Mattei, Fabio Navarro, Xinghua Pan, Mette A. Peters, Dalila Pinto, Sirisha Pochareddy, Damon Polioudakis, Michael Purcaro, Shaun Purcell, Henry Pratt, Tim Reddy, Suhn Rhie, Panagiotis Roussos, Joel Rozowsky, Stephan Sanders, Nenad Sestan, Anurag Sethi, Xu Shi, Annie Shieh, Vivek Swarup, Anna Szekely, Daifeng Wang, Jonathan Warrell, Sherman Weissman, Zhiping Weng, Kevin White, Jennifer Wiseman, Heather Witt, Hyejung Won, Shannon Wood, Feinan Wu, Xuming Xu, Lijing Yao & Peter Zandi
/Psychosis Endophenotypes International Consortium/
Maria J. Arranz, Steven Bakker, Stephan Bender, Elvira Bramon, David A. Collier, Benedicto Crepo-Facorro, Jeremy Hall, Conrad Iyegbe, Assen V. Jablensky, René Kahn, Stephen Lawrie, Cathryn Lewis, Kuang Lin, Don H. Linszen, Ignacio Mata, Andrew McIntosh, Robin M. Murray, Roel A. Ophoff, Jim van Os, John Powell, Dan Rujescu, Muriel Walshe & Matthias Weisbrod
/The SynGO Consortium/
Tilmann Achsel, Maria Andres-Alonso, Claudia Bagni, Àlex Bayés, Thomas Biederer, Nils Brose, Tyler C. Brown, John Jia En Chua, Marcelo P. Coba, L. Niels Cornelisse, Arthur P. H. de Jong, Jaime de Juan-Sanz, Daniela C. Dieterich, Guoping Feng, Hana L. Goldschmidt, Eckart D. Gundelfinger, Casper Hoogenraad, Richard L. Huganir, Steven E. Hyman, Cordelia Imig, Reinhard Jahn, Hwajin Jung, Pascal S. Kaeser, Eunjoon Kim, Frank Koopmans, Michael R. Kreutz, Noa Lipstein, Harold D. MacGillavry, Robert Malenka, Peter S. McPherson, Vincent O’Connor, Rainer Pielot, Timothy A. Ryan, Dnyanada Sahasrabudhe, Carlo Sala, Morgan Sheng, Karl-Heinz Smalla, August B. Smit, Thomas C. Südhof, Paul D. Thomas, Ruud F. Toonen, Jan R. T. van Weering, Matthijs Verhage & Chiara Verpelli
/Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium/
Vassily Trubetskoy, Antonio F. Pardiñas, Georgia Panagiotaropoulou, Swapnil Awasthi, Tim B. Bigdeli, Charlotte A. Dennison, Lynsey S. Hall, Max Lam, Oleksandr Frei, Alexander L. Richards, Jakob Grove, Zhiqiang Li, Mark Adams, Ingrid Agartz, Elizabeth G. Atkinson, Esben Agerbo, Mariam Al Eissa, Margot Albus, Madeline Alexander, Behrooz Z. Alizadeh, Köksal Alptekin, Thomas D. Als, Farooq Amin, Volker Arolt, Manuel Arrojo, Lavinia Athanasiu, Maria Helena Azevedo, Silviu A. Bacanu, Nicholas J. Bass, Martin Begemann, Richard A. Belliveau, Judit Bene, Beben Benyamin, Sarah E. Bergen, Giuseppe Blasi, Julio Bobes, Stefano Bonassi, Alice Braun, Rodrigo Affonseca Bressan, Evelyn J. Bromet, Richard Bruggeman, Peter F. Buckley, Randy L. Buckner, Jonas Bybjerg-Grauholm, Wiepke Cahn, Murray J. Cairns, Monica E. Calkins, Vaughan J. Carr, David Castle, Stanley V. Catts, Kimberley D. Chambert, Raymond C. K. Chan, Boris Chaumette, Wei Cheng, Eric F. C. Cheung, Siow Ann Chong, David Cohen, Angèle Consoli, Quirino Cordeiro, Javier Costas, Charles Curtis, Michael Davidson, Kenneth L. Davis, Lieuwe de Haan, Franziska Degenhardt, Lynn E. DeLisi, Ditte Demontis, Faith Dickerson, Dimitris Dikeos, Timothy Dinan, Srdjan Djurovic, Jubao Duan, Giuseppe Ducci, Johan G. Eriksson, Lourdes Fañanás, Stephen V. Faraone, Alessia Fiorentino, Andreas Forstner, Josef Frank, Nelson B. Freimer, Menachem Fromer, Alessandra Frustaci, Ary Gadelha, Giulio Genovese, Elliot S. Gershon, Marianna Giannitelli, Ina Giegling, Paola Giusti-Rodríguez, Stephanie Godard, Jacqueline I. Goldstein, Javier González Peñas, Ana González-Pinto, Srihari Gopal, Jacob Gratten, Michael F. Green, Tiffany A. Greenwood, Olivier Guillin, Sinan Gülöksüz, Raquel E. Gur, Ruben C. Gur, Blanca Gutiérrez, Eric Hahn, Hakon Hakonarson, Vahram Haroutunian, Annette M. Hartmann, Carol Harvey, Caroline Hayward, Frans A. Henskens, Stefan Herms, Per Hoffmann, Daniel P. Howrigan, Masashi Ikeda, Conrad Iyegbe, Inge Joa, Antonio Julià, Anna K. Kähler, Tony Kam-Thong, Yoichiro Kamatani, Sena Karachanak-Yankova, Oussama Kebir, Matthew C. Keller, Brian J. Kelly, Andrey Khrunin, Sung-Wan Kim, Janis Klovins, Nikolay Kondratiev, Bettina Konte, Julia Kraft, Michiaki Kubo, Vaidutis Kučinskas, Zita Ausrele Kučinskiene, Agung Kusumawardhani, Hana Kuzelova-Ptackova, Stefano Landi, Laura C. Lazzeroni, Phil H. Lee, Sophie E. Legge, Douglas S. Lehrer, Rebecca Lencer, Bernard Lerer, Miaoxin Li, Jeffrey Lieberman, Gregory A. Light, Svetlana Limborska, Chih-Min Liu, Jouko Lönnqvist, Carmel M. Loughland, Jan Lubinski, Jurjen J. Luykx, Amy Lynham, Milan Macek Jr, Andrew Mackinnon, Patrik K. E. Magnusson, Brion S. Maher, Wolfgang Maier, Dolores Malaspina, Jacques Mallet, Stephen R. Marder, Sara Marsal, Alicia R. Martin, Lourdes Martorell, Manuel Mattheisen, Robert W. McCarley, Colm McDonald, John J. McGrath, Helena Medeiros, Sandra Meier, Bela Melegh, Ingrid Melle, Raquelle I. Mesholam-Gately, Andres Metspalu, Patricia T. Michie, Lili Milani, Vihra Milanova, Marina Mitjans, Espen Molden, Esther Molina, María Dolores Molto, Valeria Mondelli, Carmen Moreno, Christopher P. Morley, Gerard Muntané, Kieran C. Murphy, Inez Myin-Germeys, Igor Nenadić, Gerald Nestadt, Liene Nikitina-Zake, Cristiano Noto, Keith H. Nuechterlein, Niamh Louise O’Brien, F. Anthony O’Neill, Sang-Yun Oh, Ann Olincy, Vanessa Kiyomi Ota, Christos Pantelis, George N. Papadimitriou, Mara Parellada, Tiina Paunio, Renata Pellegrino, Sathish Periyasamy, Diana O. Perkins, Bruno Pfuhlmann, Olli Pietiläinen, Jonathan Pimm, David Porteous, John Powell, Diego Quattrone, Digby Quested, Allen D. Radant, Antonio Rampino, Mark H. Rapaport, Anna Rautanen, Abraham Reichenberg, Cheryl Roe, Joshua L. Roffman, Julian Roth, Matthias Rothermundt, Bart P. F. Rutten, Safaa Saker-Delye, Veikko Salomaa, Julio Sanjuan, Marcos Leite Santoro, Adam Savitz, Ulrich Schall, Rodney J. Scott, Larry J. Seidman, Sally Isabel Sharp, Jianxin Shi, Larry J. Siever, Kang Sim, Nora Skarabis, Petr Slominsky, Hon-Cheong So, Janet L. Sobell, Erik Söderman, Helen J. Stain, Nils Eiel Steen, Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar, Elisabeth Stögmann, William S. Stone, Richard E. Straub, Fabian Streit, Eric Strengman, T. Scott Stroup, Mythily Subramaniam, Catherine A. Sugar, Jaana Suvisaari, Dragan M. Svrakic, Neal R. Swerdlow, Jin P. Szatkiewicz, Thi Minh Tam Ta, Atsushi Takahashi, Chikashi Terao, Florence Thibaut, Draga Toncheva, Paul A. Tooney, Silvia Torretta, Sarah Tosato, Gian Battista Tura, Bruce I. Turetsky, Alp Üçok, Arne Vaaler, Therese van Amelsvoort, Ruud van Winkel, Juha Veijola, John Waddington, Henrik Walter, Anna Waterreus, Bradley T. Webb, Mark Weiser, Nigel M. Williams, Stephanie H. Witt, Brandon K. Wormley, Jing Qin Wu, Zhida Xu, Robert Yolken, Clement C. Zai, Wei Zhou, Feng Zhu, Fritz Zimprich, Eşref Cem Atbaşoğlu, Muhammad Ayub, Alessandro Bertolino, Donald W. Black, Nicholas J. Bray, Gerome Breen, Nancy G. Buccola, William F. Byerley, Wei J. Chen, C. Robert Cloninger, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Gary Donohoe, Robert Freedman, Cherrie Galletly, Massimo Gennarelli, David M. Hougaard, Hai-Gwo Hwu, Assen V. Jablensky, Steven A. McCarroll, Jennifer L. Moran, Ole Mors, Preben B. Mortensen, Bertram Müller-Myhsok, Amanda L. Neil, Merete Nordentoft, Michele T. Pato, Tracey L. Petryshen, Ann E. Pulver, Thomas G. Schulze, Jeremy M. Silverman, Jordan W. Smoller, Eli A. Stahl, Debby W. Tsuang, Elisabet Vilella, Shi-Heng Wang, Shuhua Xu, Rolf Adolfsson, Celso Arango, Bernhard T. Baune, Sintia Iole Belangero, Anders D. Børglum, David Braff, Elvira Bramon, Joseph D. Buxbaum, Dominique Campion, Jorge A. Cervilla, Sven Cichon, David A. Collier, Aiden Corvin, David Curtis, Marta Di Forti, Enrico Domenici, Hannelore Ehrenreich, Valentina Escott-Price, Tõnu Esko, Ayman H. Fanous, Anna Gareeva, Micha Gawlik, Pablo V. Gejman, Michael Gill, Stephen J. Glatt, Vera Golimbet, Kyung Sue Hong, Christina M. Hultman, Steven E. Hyman, Nakao Iwata, Erik G. Jönsson, René S. Kahn, James L. Kennedy, Elza Khusnutdinova, George Kirov, James A. Knowles, Marie-Odile Krebs, Claudine Laurent-Levinson, Jimmy Lee, Todd Lencz, Douglas F. Levinson, Qingqin S. Li, Jianjun Liu, Anil K. Malhotra, Dheeraj Malhotra, Andrew McIntosh, Andrew McQuillin, Paulo R. Menezes, Vera A. Morgan, Derek W. Morris, Bryan J. Mowry, Robin M. Murray, Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, Markus M. Nöthen, Roel A. Ophoff, Sara A. Paciga, Aarno Palotie, Carlos N. Pato, Shengying Qin, Marcella Rietschel, Brien P. Riley, Margarita Rivera, Dan Rujescu, Meram C. Saka, Alan R. Sanders, Sibylle G. Schwab, Alessandro Serretti, Pak C. Sham, Yongyong Shi, David St Clair, Ming T. 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