完全母乳育児の統計マップ

2030年を一つの区切りに定められている
国際連合の持続可能な開発目標は大分類で17あります。
そのうち目標3は「健康と持続的幸福」です。
(Goal3: Good health and well-being)
この目標3には13のターゲットがあり、
そのターゲット内の項目の一つに
「5歳以下の子供の防ぐことができる死亡をなくす。」
ということです。
先天性の難しい病気で先進国でも治療が困難な病もあります。
それに対しても改善の余地は大きいと思いますが、
先進国では当たり前に防ぐことができている疾患で
命を落とす子供が低中所得の国では多くいるということです。
高所得の国でのガイドラインを参考に
ワクチン接種を普及させ、
防ぐことができる感染症を未然に防ぐことができます(2)。
また完全母乳育児(exclusive breastfeeding(EBF))
によって多くの子供の命や成人後を含めた疾患の
予防にもつながることが考えられます(1)。
ー
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Lauren E. Schaeffer(敬称略)ら
国際的な医療研究グループは
低中所得の国の完全母乳育児の地方を含めた国の
普及状況について総括されています(1)。
本日はその大切な報告内容の一部について
世界の読者の方と情報共有したいと思います。
何らかの議論の出発点になる事を望みます。
ー

//完全母乳育児の背景//ーーー
(定義)
生後6か月間母乳のみを子供に与える事
ただし必要に応じて
医療、ビタミン、経口補水液を与えても良い。
-
(利点1）
下痢、肺炎、感染症など子供の死亡を防ぐうえで
非常に有効である(3-6)。
-
(利点2)
乳幼児の成長、発達、生存に貢献する(7-10)。
-
(利点3)
長期間にわたる健康への利点。
成人後の心臓血管疾患のリスクを減らすことができる(4,11,12)9,10。
-
(不適切な環境)
生後6か月に補助食材、水を与える事。
その中で飲料可能な水設備が整っていない。
それによる感染症のリスク(3,5)。
-
(WHOによる推奨)
生後2年までは授乳を続ける(13)。
-
(その他の利点)
授乳による母親の心の健康への影響。
産後うつの程度、割合が低下する(14-28)。
但し、必ずしも当てはまらない(29-35)。
-
(総括)
従って、発達後も含めた子供の健康や
母親自身の心の状態などの健康にも貢献します。
育児は親と子の双方向の関係性によって成り立つので
授乳における母親の心も含めた健康についても
考える必要性があります。
ーーー

//統計的な結果の抜粋//ーー
2000～2018年の18年間。
完全母乳育児の割合の改善がみられる地域は
中央、東部、南部アフリカ地域。
インド、カンボジア。
一方、課題が残る地域。
サブサハラ地域、、タイ、ブラジル。
-
但し、2030年にWHOが掲げる完全母乳育児70%に達する
地域は2018年の段階では国全体ではありません。
最も高いのペルー69.2%。
-
国の中での地域ごとの格差もあります。
例えば、インドでは東部(沿岸部)が相対的に
完全母乳育児の割合が高くなっています。
ブラジルではマナウスなど熱帯雨林地域、
リオデジャネイロ、サンパウロなどの都市部では
元々、十分ではないものの国の平均より
完全母乳育児の割合が高くなっています。
近年、割合が高くなっているのが
サンバドールがある東部沿岸部です。
-
2019年時点で、完全母乳育児を受けていない
子供の数は33,489,000人といわれています。
-
現時点での予測は
(低中所得94カ国、完全母乳育児割合)
2018年が38.7%であるのに対して
2025年では42.6%、
2030年では45.2%です。
従って、目標の70%には遠く及ばない予測となっています。
-
(筆者の視点)
インドは人口規模が大きく、ワクチンの生産量も多いです。
また、ワクチンの配布にも積極的です(2)。
従って、インドの乳幼児のワクチン接種
完全母乳育児を含めた健康管理ガイドラインは
他の国のそれに大きく貢献する可能性はあると思います。
ーー

//完全母乳育児促進のための対策//ーーー
出産休暇も含めた職場のサポート(36)。
妊婦管理(出産前のケア)(37)。
保健所などによる授乳相談窓口(13,37)。
育児のための助成金(38-40)。
(一人当たり4.7ドル:現状1ドル以下)
-
(注意事項)
母乳代替食品は母乳より優れているという
誤解を生みやすいので注意喚起が必要です(41)。
ーーー

(筆者の意見)
細胞、組織の若さなどの観点も含めて、
乳幼児、青年期の人に対する医療は
最も改善する余地のある領域だと考えています。
残された幸福を得るための時間も長いです。
難治性の疾患も含めて
単に命を救うだけでは不十分であると考えています。
健康な予後を提供するために改善できる幅は
非常に大きいと考えています。
それに対する社会的インパクトも大きいです。
完全母乳育児に関しては実現している国がありますから
複雑な脈絡があり難治性の医療の発展とは
別の難しさがあります(1)が、
すでに改善して達成してきた国の人たちの
経験、協力も合わせれば可能だと考えています。

(Reference)
(1)
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Simon I. Hay & Local Burden of Disease Exclusive Breastfeeding Collaborators
Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
Nature Human Behaviour (2021)
ーー
Author information
Affiliations
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Simon I. Hay, Dan Lu, Megan F. Schipp, Alice Lazzar-Atwood, Katie M. Donkers, James Albright, Michael L. Collison, Aubrey J. Cook, Michael A. Cork, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Nicole Davis Weaver, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Lucas Earl, Valery L. Feigin, William M. Gardner, Julia Hon, Kimberly B. Johnson, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Kate E. LeGrand, Ian D. Letourneau, Celia Louie, Laurie B. Marczak, Ali H. Mokdad, Jonathan F. Mosser, Sandra B. Munro, Aaron E. Osgood-Zimmerman, Brandon V. Pickering, Robert C. Reiner Jr, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Krista M. Steuben, Lauren Woyczynski & Simon I. Hay
Medical Teams International, Seattle, WA, USA
Lauren E. Schaeffer
Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Lauren E. Schaeffer
Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Simon I. Hay & Gdiom Gebreheat Abady
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Foad Abd-Allah, Ahmed Abdelalim, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Amr Hassan & Mohamed I. Hegazy
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo
Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Ayenew Negesse Abejie
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Brehan, Ethiopia
Akine Eshete Abosetugn
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Lucas Guimarães Abreu
Department of Research, Philippine Institute for Development Studies, Quezon City, Philippines
Michael R. M. Abrigo
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Eman Abu-Gharbieh
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Abdelrahman I. Abushouk
Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdelrahman I. Abushouk
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Aishatu L. Adamu
Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Aishatu L. Adamu
Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji
School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold coast, QLD, Australia
Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin
Population Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, England
Victor Adekanmbi
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Olatunji O. Adetokunboh
Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Olatunji O. Adetokunboh & Chinwe Juliana Iwu
Center for Policy, Population & Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Marcela Agudelo-Botero
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Budi Aji
Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi
Department of Health Policy and Management, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi
Department of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
Alehegn Aderaw Alamneh
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Turki M. Alanzi
Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal
College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Biresaw Wassihun Alemu
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Injbara, Ethiopia
Biresaw Wassihun Alemu
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Robert Kaba Alhassan
Erbil Technical Health College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali
School of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali
Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Saqib Ali
Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
Cyrus Alinia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vahid Alipour, Jalal Arabloo, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh & Aziz Rezapour
Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vahid Alipour
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Manila, Philippines
Arianna Maever L. Amit
College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Arianna Maever L. Amit
Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Dickson A. Amugsi
Department of Public Health, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
Etsay Woldu Anbesu
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Robert Ancuceanu
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Mina Anjomshoa
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Fereshteh Ansari
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Fereshteh Ansari
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Carl Abelardo T. Antonio
Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Davood Anvari
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Davood Anvari
School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Amit Arora
Disciple of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
Amit Arora
Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
Kurnia Dwi Artanti
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Mulusew A. Asemahagn
Department of Nursing, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
Wondwossen Niguse Asmare
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Marcel Ausloos
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu & Adrian Pana
Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Nefsu Awoke
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Martin Amogre Ayanore
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Yared Asmare Aynalem, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis & Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Muluken Altaye Ayza
Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Zelalem Nigussie Azene
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
B. B. Darshan, Ramesh Holla, Ashwin Kamath, Jagadish Rao Padubidri & Priya Rathi
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Ashish D. Badiye & Neeti Kapoor
Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Atif Amin Baig
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Shankar M. Bakkannavar & Vinod C. Nayak
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Maciej Banach
Polish Mothers’ Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Maciej Banach
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Palash Chandra Banik
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Till Winfried Bärnighausen & Shafiu Mohammed
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Till Winfried Bärnighausen
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Aden College, Aden, Yemen
Huda Basaleem
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Mohsen Bayati
Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Bayisa Abdissa Baye
Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
Neeraj Bedi
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Neeraj Bedi
Department of Biomedical Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Sefealem Assefa Belay
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Dinesh Bhandari
Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Dinesh Bhandari
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
Nikha Bhardwaj
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Pankaj Bhardwaj
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Pankaj Bhardwaj
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Centre of Excellence in Women & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Zulfiqar A. Bhutta
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Ali Bijani
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Tsegaye Adane Birhan & Awrajaw Dessie
Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Binyam Minuye Birihane
Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debretabor, Ethiopia
Binyam Minuye Birihane
Nutrition Department, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Zebenay Workneh Bitew
St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Zebenay Workneh Bitew
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
Somayeh Bohlouli
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Mahdi Bohluli
Department of Research and Innovation, Petanux Research GmBH, Bonn, Germany
Mahdi Bohluli
School of Pharmacy, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Hunduma Amensisa Bojia
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Archith Boloor
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Oliver J. Brady
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Andre R. Brunoni
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Andre R. Brunoni & Yuan-Pang Wang
Research Division, Golden Community, Kathmandu, Nepal
Shyam S. Budhathoki
Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
Sharath Burugina Nagaraja
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Zahid A. Butt
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Zahid A. Butt
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Rosario Cárdenas
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia
Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
Franz Castro
Regional Epidemiological Observatory Department, Sicilian Regional Health Authority, Palermo, Italy
Achille Cernigliaro
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Jaykaran Charan
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Pranab Chatterjee
Department of Microbiology & Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
Souranshu Chatterjee
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Research Department, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, India
Sarika Chaturvedi
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury & Tanvir M. Huda
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury & Rajat Das Gupta
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU International School, Hanoi, Vietnam
Dinh-Toi Chu
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Rosa A. S. Couto
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Baye Dagnew
Department of Cardiology, Central South University, Changsha, China
Haijiang Dai
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
Haijiang Dai
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona & G. Anil Kumar
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Lalit Dandona
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Rakhi Dandona, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Damaris K. Kinyoki, Ali H. Mokdad, Robert C. Reiner Jr, Benn Sartorius & Simon I. Hay
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Aso Mohammad Darwesh
Department of Pediatrics, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Amira Hamed Darwish
Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Ahmad Daryani
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Jai K. Das
James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Rajat Das Gupta
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
Adrian Charles Davis
Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
Adrian Charles Davis
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
Kebede Deribe
School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Kebede Deribe
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Assefa Desalew
Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Aniruddha Deshpande
National Centre for AIDS and STD Control, Save the Children, Kathmandu, Nepal
Keshab Deuba
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Keshab Deuba
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Meghnath Dhimal
Department of Microbiology, Far Western University, Mahendranagar, Nepal
Govinda Prasad Dhungana
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Daniel Diaz
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
Daniel Diaz
Department of Public Health, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
Alireza Didarloo
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye & Yetunde O. John-Akinola
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Linh Phuong Doan & Diep Ngoc Nguyen
School of Public Health, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Bereket Duko
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Bereket Duko & Ted R. Miller
School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
Andre Rodrigues Duraes
Department of Internal Medicine, Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública (Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health), Salvador, Brazil
Andre Rodrigues Duraes
Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
Maysaa El Sayed Zaki
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Maha El Tantawi
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Arsi University, Asella, Ethiopia
Teshome Bekele Elema
Center for Food Science and Nutrition, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Teshome Bekele Elema
Neurophysiology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Hala Rashad Elhabashy
Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Pawan Sirwan Faris
Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Pawan Sirwan Faris
Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
Andre Faro
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Farshad Farzadfar & Shadi Rahimzadeh
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Valery L. Feigin
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
Valery L. Feigin
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Berhanu Elfu Feleke
School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Tomas Y. Ferede
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
Florian Fischer
Institute of Gerontology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Nataliya A. Foigt
Department of Child Dental Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan
School of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
Richard Charles Franklin
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Mohamed M. Gad
Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Mohamed M. Gad
Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Science, Wardha, India
Shilpa Gaidhane
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam
Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Berhe Gebremichael & Lemma Demissie Regassa
Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Fariborz Ghaffarpasand
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Syed Amir Gilani
Afro-Asian Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Syed Amir Gilani
Discipline of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Themba G. Ginindza
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Mustefa Glagn & Muluken Bekele Sorrie
Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India
Mahaveer Golechha
Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University, Bale Robe, Ethiopia
Kebebe Bekele Gonfa
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Bárbara Niegia Garcia Goulart
Department of Health Policy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Nachiket Gudi & Sanjay M. Pattanshetty
UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy
Davide Guido
College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
Rashid Abdi Guled
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Yuming Guo
Department of Epidemiology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai City, China
Yuming Guo
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Samer Hamidi
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Ahmed I. Hasaballah
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Khezar Hayat
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Khezar Hayat
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Behnam Heidari
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Nathaniel J. Henry
School of Business, London South Bank University, London, UK
Claudiu Herteliu
Department of Public Health, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Hagos Degefa de Hidru
Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Hung Chak Ho
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Chi Linh Hoang
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mostafa Hosseini & Mohammad Ali Mansournia
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mostafa Hosseini
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Mowafa Househ
Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Mohamed Hsairi
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
Guoqing Hu
School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tanvir M. Huda
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Bing-Fang Hwang
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Irena M. Ilic & Milena M. Santric-Milicevic
Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Milena D. Ilic
Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Usman Iqbal
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
M. Mofizul Islam
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Chidozie C. D. Iwu
South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Chukwudi A. Nnaji & Charles Shey Wiysonge
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Animesh Jain, Vaman Kulkarni, Nithin Kumar & Rekha Thapar
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia
Health Informatic Lab, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Tahereh Javaheri
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Farahnaz Joukar
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Farahnaz Joukar
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ali Kabir
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Leila R. Kalankesh
Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Rohollah Kalhor
Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Rohollah Kalhor
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Ashwin Kamath
Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Naser Kamyari & Leili Tapak
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Other Tanuj Kanchan
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Behzad Karami Matin, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Masoud Moradi & Shahin Soltani
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Salah Eddin Karimi
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Habtamu Kebebe Kasaye
School of Midwifery, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Getinet Kassahun & Berhan Tsegaye B. T. Tsegaye
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Nicholas J. Kassebaum
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Gbenga A. Kayode
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Gbenga A. Kayode
Open, Distance and eLearning Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Peter Njenga Keiyoro
Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Bayew Kelkay & Animut Tagele Tamiru
School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Nauman Khalid
Department of Population Science, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Md. Nuruzzaman Khan
Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Khaled Khatab
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, USA
Khaled Khatab
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Amir M. Khater
Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Mona M. Khater
Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Yun Jin Kim
Department of Nutrition, Simmons University, Boston, MA, USA
Ruth W. Kimokoti
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Adnan Kisa
Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Adnan Kisa
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Sezer Kisa
Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
Soewarta Kosen
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Kewal Krishan
Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Manasi Kumar
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
Manasi Kumar
International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Pushpendra Kumar
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
Om P. Kurmi
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Om P. Kurmi
Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, UK
Dian Kusuma
Faculty of Public Health, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Dian Kusuma
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Carlo La Vecchia
Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
Sheetal D. Lad
Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Faris Hasan Lami
Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
Iván Landires
Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
Iván Landires
HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
Van Charles Lansingh
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
Savita Lasrado
School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Paul H. Lee
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sonia Lewycka
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Asia Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
Sonia Lewycka
Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Bingyu Li
Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Ming-Chieh Li
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Shanshan Li
Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Xuefeng Liu
Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Rakesh Lodha
Department of Nutrition, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Jaifred Christian F. Lopez
Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
Jaifred Christian F. Lopez
Center for Integration of Data and Health Knowledge, Oswald Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
Daiane Borges Machado
Centre for Global Mental Health (CGMH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England
Daiane Borges Machado
Department of Forensic Medicine, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, India
Venkatesh Maled
Department of Forensic Medicine, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
Venkatesh Maled
Clinical Research Development Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Shokofeh Maleki
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Deborah Carvalho Malta
Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
Abdullah A. Mamun
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Navid Manafi
School of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Navid Manafi
Department of Population Studies, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
Chabila Christopher Mapoma
Campus Caucaia, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Caucaia, Brazil
Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo
Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
Man Mohan Mehndiratta
Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Fabiola Mejia-Rodriguez
Department of Public Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Tefera Chane Mekonnen
Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
Walter Mendoza
Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Ritesh G. Menezes
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Endalkachew Worku Mengesha
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Abera M. Mersha & Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila
Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
Ted R. Miller
Global Institute of Public Health, Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Institute, Trivandrum, India
G. K. Mini
Women’s Social and Health Studies Foundation, Trivandrum, India
G. K. Mini
Internal Medicine Programme, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Erkin M. Mirrakhimov
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Sanjeev Misra
Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Masoud Moghadaszadeh
Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Masoud Moghadaszadeh
Department of Forestry, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Dara K. Mohammad
Department of Medicine-Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Dara K. Mohammad
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Department of Public Health, Samara University, Semera, Ethiopia
Jemal Abdu Mohammed
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Shafiu Mohammed
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Pablo A. Montero-Zamora
Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Pablo A. Montero-Zamora
Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Rahmatollah Moradzadeh & Maryam Zamanian
Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Paula Moraga
Management and Leadership in Medical Education Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
Department of Food Science, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
School of Economics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Moses K. Muriithi
Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital & The Institute of Child Health, Multan, Pakistan
Ghulam Mustafa
Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
Ghulam Mustafa
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Saravanan Muthupandian
Research and Analytics Department, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Gurudatta Naik
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Mukhammad David Naimzada, Nikita Otstavnov & Stanislav S. Otstavnov
Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
Mukhammad David Naimzada
Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Vinay Nangia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Bruno Ramos Nascimento
Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Rawlance Ndejjo
Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Duduzile Edith Ndwandwe
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ionut Negoi
Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Ionut Negoi
Department of Public Health, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Georges Nguefack-Tsague
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
Josephine W. Ngunjiri
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Cuong Tat Nguyen & Huong Lan Thi Nguyen
Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Diep Ngoc Nguyen
Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
Samuel Negash Nigussie, Tadesse T. N. Nigussie & Tewodros Yosef
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Rajan Nikbakhsh
School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Chukwudi A. Nnaji & Charles Shey Wiysonge
Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
Virginia Nunez-Samudio
Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
Virginia Nunez-Samudio
Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Bogdan Oancea
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Onome Bright Oghenetega
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Andrew T. Olagunju
Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Andrew T. Olagunju
Centre for Healthy Start Initiative, Lagos, Nigeria
Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya & Jacob Olusegun Olusanya
Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia
Muktar Omer Omer & Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Obinna E. Onwujekwe
Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Doris V. Ortega-Altamirano
Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
Stanislav S. Otstavnov
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
P. A. Mahesh
Department of Health Metrics, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
Adrian Pana
Department of Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Anamika Pandey
Corporate, Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal
National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan
Public Health Evidence South Asia, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Shradha S. Parsekar
Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Deepak Kumar Pasupula
Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Urvish K. Patel
Department of Pediatrics, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
Ashish Pathak
Global Public Health-Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Ashish Pathak
Research & Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Mona Pathak
Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
George C. Patton
Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
George C. Patton
Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
Kebreab Paulos
Center for Research and Innovation, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Marina Pinheiro
Global Development Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
Ellen G. Piwoz
HIV and Mental Health Department, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Khem Narayan Pokhrel
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Hadi Pourjafar
Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Hadi Pourjafar
Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del Lili, (Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
Sergio I. Prada
Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI, (PROESA, ICESI University), Cali, Colombia
Sergio I. Prada
Health Sciences Department, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Zahiruddin Quazi Syed & Deepak Saxena
Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Rabiee
Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Navid Rabiee
Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Fakher Rahim
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFakher Rahim
Department of Natural Science, Middlesex University, London, UK
Shadi Rahimzadeh
Data Mining Research Unit (DaMRA), Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
Azizur Rahman
Department of Community Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
Amir Masoud Rahmani
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Amir Masoud Rahmani
Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance, Suri, India
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Department of Economics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Rajesh Kumar Rai
Research Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Health and Public Policy Department, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
Chhabi Lal Ranabhat
Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
Sowmya J. Rao
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Prateek Rastogi & B. Suresh Kumar Shetty
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, UK
David Laith Rawaf
University College London Hospitals, London, UK
David Laith Rawaf
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Salman Rawaf
Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, UK
Salman Rawaf
Department of Computer Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Reza Rawassizadeh
Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
Rahul Rawat
Department of Mathematical Demography & Statistics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Ramu Rawat
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Maria Albertina Santiago Rego
Department of Health Information Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Bhageerathy Reshmi
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Bhageerathy Reshmi
Epidemiology Research Unit Institute of Public Health (EPIUnit-ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Ana Isabel Ribeiro
Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Jennifer Rickard
Department of Surgery, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
Jennifer Rickard
Department of Clinical Research, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
Leonardo Roever
Malaria Atlas Project, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Susan Fred Rumisha
Department of Health Statistics, National Institute for Medical Research, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Susan Fred Rumisha
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Godfrey M. Rwegerera
Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Rajesh Sagar
Department of Phytochemistry, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
S. Mohammad Sajadi
Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
S. Mohammad Sajadi
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Marwa Rashad Salem
Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdallah M. Samy
School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Milena M. Santric-Milicevic
Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India
Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute, Coimbatore, India
Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy
Health Economics Department, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Abdur Razzaque Sarker
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Benn Sartorius
Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Benn Sartorius
Department of Geriatrics and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Brijesh Sathian
Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
Brijesh Sathian
Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Deepak Saxena
Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India
Debarka Sengupta
Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
Subramanian Senthilkumaran
Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
Feng Sha
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Omid Shafaat
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Omid Shafaat
Public Health Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Amira A. Shaheen
Independent consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
Masood Ali Shaikh
Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Ali S. Shalash
Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University, Vijayapur, India
Mohammed Shannawaz
Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Aziz Sheikh
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Aziz Sheikh
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Ranjitha S. Shetty
Institute for Population Health, King’s College London, London, UK
Kenji Shibuya
College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Jae Il Shin
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
Diego Augusto Santos Silva
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India
Narinder Pal Singh
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
Pushpendra Singh
Division of Environmental Monitoring & Exposure Assessment (Water & Soil), National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
Surya Singh
Department of Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Yitagesu Sintayehu
Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin
Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russia
Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
Nursing Care Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Amin Soheili
Department of Nursing, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia
Agus Sudaryanto
Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Mu’awiyyah Babale Sufiyan
School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Scott J. Swartz
Joint Medical Program, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Scott J. Swartz
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Eyayou Girma Tadesse & Abinet Teshome
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Leili Tapak
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Md. Ismail Tareque
Research and Development Center for Humanities and Health Management, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
Ingan Ukur Tarigan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistsics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Fisaha Haile Tesfay
Southgate Institute for Health and Society, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Fisaha Haile Tesfay
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Zemenu Tadesse Tessema & Yigizie Yeshaw
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
Nihal Thomas
Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Roman Topor-Madry
Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
Roman Topor-Madry
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
Modestum LTD, London, UK
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Eugenio Traini
Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Bach Xuan Tran
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
Phuong N. Truong
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Iqra National University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Irfan Ullah
Department of Community Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
Era Upadhyay
Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Benjamin S. Chudi Uzochukwu
Insights Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
John David VanderHeide
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Francesco S. Violante
Occupational Health Unit, Sant’Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Francesco S. Violante
Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Bay Vo
Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Yohannes Dibaba Wado
Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Yasir Waheed
Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, & Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Richard G. Wamai
School of Public Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Richard G. Wamai
School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Fang Wang & Xiu-Ju George Zhao
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Yafeng Wang & Chuanhua Yu
Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kirsten E. Wiens
Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
Ai-Min Wu
Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, China
Chenkai Wu
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Chenkai Wu
Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Tomohide Yamada
School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Sanni Yaya
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Sanni Yaya
Department of Midwifery, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Alex Yeshaneh
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Mekdes Tigistu Yilma
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Paul Yip
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Paul Yip
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Department of Health Policy and Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
Mustafa Z. Younis
School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Mustafa Z. Younis
School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
Yong Yu
Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Deniz Yuce
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fazaia Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan
Shamsa Zafar
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Shamsa Zafar
Department of Pharmaceutics, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
Syed Saoud Zaidi
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Leila Zaki
Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Josefina Zakzuk
Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Heather J. Zar
Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, Medical Research Council South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
Heather J. Zar
Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
Anasthasia Zastrozhina
Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Desalege Amare Zelellw
School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Yunquan Zhang
Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Yunquan Zhang
School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Zhi-Jiang Zhang
School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
Xiu-Ju George Zhao
Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Sanjay Zodpey
Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
Yves Miel H. Zuniga
#MentalHealthPH, Inc., Quezon City, Philippines
Yves Miel H. Zuniga
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Milagritos D. Tapia, M.D., Samba O. Sow, M.D., Abdi Naficy, M.D., Fatoumata Diallo, M.D., Fadima C. Haidara, M.D., Amol Chaudhari, M.D., Lionel Martellet, M.A., Awa Traore, Pharm.D., Kelly Townsend-Payne, M.Sc., Ray Borrow, Ph.D., Nancy Hosken, Ph.D., Igor Smolenov, M.D., Ph.D., Sambhaji S. Pisal, Ph.D., F. Marc LaForce, M.D., Rajeev M. Dhere, Ph.D., Dhananjay Kapse, M.D., Yuxiao Tang, Ph.D., Mark R. Alderson, Ph.D., and Prasad S. Kulkarni, M.D.
Meningococcal Serogroup ACWYX Conjugate Vaccine in Malian Toddlers
The New England Journal of Medicine 2021; 384:2115-2123
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Author Affiliations
From Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins du Mali, Bamako (M.D.T., S.O.S., F.D., F.C.H., A.T.); the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.D.T.); PATH, Seattle (A.N., L.M., N.H., I.S., Y.T., M.R.A.); the Serum Institute of India, Pune (A.C., S.S.P., F.M.L., R.M.D., D.K., P.S.K.); and the Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, United Kingdom (K.T.-P., R.B.).
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